CVE-2025-54878

CVEs › CVE-2025-54878

Description

CryptoLib provides a software-only solution using the CCSDS Space Data Link Security Protocol - Extended Procedures (SDLS-EP) to secure communications between a spacecraft running the core Flight System (cFS) and a ground station. A heap buffer overflow vulnerability exists in NASA CryptoLib version 1.4.0 and prior in the IV setup logic for telecommand frames. The problem arises from missing bounds checks when copying the Initialization Vector (IV) into a freshly allocated buffer. An attacker can supply a crafted TC frame that causes the library to write one byte past the end of the heap buffer, leading to heap corruption and undefined behaviour. An attacker supplying a malformed telecommand frame can corrupt heap memory. This leads to undefined behaviour, which could manifest itself as a crash (denial of service) or more severe exploitation. This issue has been patched in version 1.4.0.

Overview

State: PUBLISHED
Assigner (CNA): GitHub_M
CVSS severity: HIGH
CVSS score: 8.6 / 10
CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H
Effective score: 8.6 / 10 HIGH source: CNA overview
CWE(s): CWE-122
Reserved: 2025-07-31
Published: 2025-08-11 22:40 UTC
Last updated: 2025-08-11 22:55 UTC
Source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2025/54xxx/CVE-2025-54878.json
Linked Threat: CVE-2025-54878 — Heap Buffer Overflow in NASA CryptoLib 1.4.0 `Crypto_TC_Check_IV_Setup`

NVD triage scoring NVD CVE 2.0

Layer NVD adds on top of the CNA's CVE record — published / last-modified timestamps, exploitability / impact subscores, and the FIRST.org EPSS probability that this CVE will be exploited in the wild in the next 30 days.

NVD published: 2025-08-11 21:15:28 UTC
NVD last modified: 2026-06-17 09:40:51 UTC
NVD CVSS v3.1: 8.6 / 10 HIGH source: security-advisories@github.com
NVD CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H
Exploitability subscore: 3.9 / 10
Impact subscore: 4.7 / 10
EPSS score: 0.0039 (probability of exploitation in next 30 days)
EPSS percentile: 31.63% vs all CVEs — higher = more likely to be exploited, as of 2026-08-06

NVD / KEV / EPSS data refreshed 2026-08-06 23:04 UTC. Re-run the 🛰 Backfill from NVD button above to refresh.

European Union Vulnerability Database ENISA EUVD

ENISA's official EU repository for curated vulnerability intelligence. Carries a separate identifier (EUVD-YYYY-NNNN) and frequently exposes an earlier-published description + CVSS than NVD does.

EUVD ID: EUVD-2025-24183
Assigner: GitHub_M
Published: Aug 11, 2025, 8:40:15 PM
Updated: Aug 11, 2025, 8:55:54 PM
EUVD base score (CVSS 3.1): 8.6 / 10
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H
EUVD-reported EPSS: 0.1900
Vendors: NASA
Products: CryptoLib (< 1.4.1)

ENISA description: CryptoLib provides a software-only solution using the CCSDS Space Data Link Security Protocol - Extended Procedures (SDLS-EP) to secure communications between a spacecraft running the core Flight System (cFS) and a ground station. A heap buffer overflow vulnerability exists in NASA CryptoLib version 1.4.0 and prior in the IV setup logic for telecommand frames. The problem arises from missing bounds checks when copying the Initialization Vector (IV) into a freshly allocated buffer. An attacker can supply a crafted TC frame that causes the library to write one byte past the end of the heap buffer, leading to heap corruption and undefined behaviour. An attacker supplying a malformed telecommand frame can corrupt heap memory. This leads to undefined behaviour, which could manifest itself as a crash (denial of service) or more severe exploitation. This issue has been patched in version 1.4.0.

EUVD references (2)

Affected products (1)

Vendor	Product	Versions	Platforms
nasa	CryptoLib	`< 1.4.1` (affected)	—

Affected products — CPE 2.3 (1) NVD

NVD's normalized CPE 2.3 matchers, used by vendor tools (vulnerability scanners, asset managers) for automated detection. Compare with the CNA's free-text "Affected products" section above.

cpe:2.3:a:nasa:cryptolib:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

Vendor references (2)

References embedded in the original CVE record by the assigning CNA.

https://github.com/nasa/CryptoLib/security/advisories/GHSA-9qph-pxfm-q9g4 x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/nasa/CryptoLib/commit/9b5b294ec09da450d2d4d05aea2db604ead48be1 x_refsource_MISC

Web references (0)

DuckDuckGo results ranked by threat-intel / vendor advisory domains. Generated by the 🔎 Find references (web) button above — same flow as the Remediations search.

No web references attached yet.

NVD-tagged references (2)

Reference list NVD curates from the CNA record, vendor advisories, and third-party reports. The tag chips below are NVD's analyst-assigned categories.

https://github.com/nasa/CryptoLib/commit/9b5b294ec09da450d2d4d05aea2db604ead48be1 security-advisories@github.com Patch
https://github.com/nasa/CryptoLib/security/advisories/GHSA-9qph-pxfm-q9g4 security-advisories@github.com ExploitThird Party Advisory

Remediations (18)

Remediations are stored against the linked Threat row; the list below is deduplicated across both pages.

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September 8, 2026—KB5122878 (OS Builds 19045.7725 and 19044.7725 ...

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Nvd - Cve-2025-53786

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AI Forensic Analysis

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Raw JSON

The full cvelistV5 record. Download as CVE-2025-54878.json.

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