CVE-2025-31098

Description

Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in debounce DeBounce Email Validator debounce-io-email-validator allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects DeBounce Email Validator: from n/a through <= 5.7.

Overview

State: PUBLISHED
Assigner (CNA): Patchstack
CVSS severity: HIGH
CVSS score: 7.5 / 10
CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Effective score: 7.5 / 10 HIGH source: CNA overview
CWE(s): CWE-98
Reserved: 2025-03-26
Published: 2025-04-03 15:27 UTC
Last updated: 2026-05-12 02:01 UTC
Source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2025/31xxx/CVE-2025-31098.json
Linked Threat: CVE-2025-31098 — DeBounce Email Validator <= 5.7 - Unauthenticated Local File Inclusion

NVD triage scoring NVD CVE 2.0

Layer NVD adds on top of the CNA's CVE record — published / last-modified timestamps, exploitability / impact subscores, and the FIRST.org EPSS probability that this CVE will be exploited in the wild in the next 30 days.

NVD published: 2025-04-03 14:15:35 UTC
NVD last modified: 2026-06-17 09:09:52 UTC
NVD CVSS v3.1: 7.5 / 10 HIGH source: audit@patchstack.com
NVD CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Exploitability subscore: 1.6 / 10
Impact subscore: 5.9 / 10
EPSS score: 0.0063 (probability of exploitation in next 30 days)
EPSS percentile: 45.62% vs all CVEs — higher = more likely to be exploited, as of 2026-06-29

European Union Vulnerability Database ENISA EUVD

ENISA's official EU repository for curated vulnerability intelligence. Carries a separate identifier (EUVD-YYYY-NNNN) and frequently exposes an earlier-published description + CVSS than NVD does.

EUVD ID: EUVD-2025-14788
Assigner: Patchstack
Published: Apr 3, 2025, 1:27:09 PM
Updated: May 12, 2026, 12:01:50 AM
EUVD base score (CVSS 3.1): 7.5 / 10
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EUVD-reported EPSS: 2.3200
Vendors: debounce
Products: DeBounce Email Validator (0 ≤5.7)

DeBounce Email Validator (n/a ≤5.7)
Aliases: GHSA-8v8h-5vjj-58xx

ENISA description: Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in debounce DeBounce Email Validator debounce-io-email-validator allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects DeBounce Email Validator: from n/a through <= 5.7.

EUVD references (1)

https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/debounce-io-email-validator/vulnerability/wordpress-debounce-email-validator-5-7-local-file-inclusion-vulnerability?_s_id=cve

Affected products (1)

Vendor	Product	Versions	Platforms
debounce	DeBounce Email Validator	`0` (affected)	—

Vendor references (1)

References embedded in the original CVE record by the assigning CNA.

https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/debounce-io-email-validator/vulnerability/wordpress-debounce-email-validator-5-7-local-file-inclusion-vulnerability?_s_id=cve vdb-entry

MITRE references (1) cveawg.mitre.org

Pulled from MITRE's CVE Services API by the 🛰 Backfill from MITRE button.

https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/debounce-io-email-validator/vulnerability/wordpress-debounce-email-validator-5-7-local-file-inclusion-vulnerability?_s_id=cve vdb-entry

Web references (5)

DuckDuckGo results ranked by threat-intel / vendor advisory domains. Generated by the 🔎 Find references (web) button above — same flow as the Remediations search.

http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/98.html rapid7:cwe.mitre.org
https://attackerkb.com/topics/CVE-2025-31098 rapid7:attackerkb.com
https://euvd.enisa.europa.eu/vulnerability/EUVD-2025-14788 rapid7:euvd.enisa.europa.eu
https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-31098 rapid7:www.cve.org
https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/3a9f775f-4b82-449c-a5c3-d881b983d2c4?source=api-prod rapid7:www.wordfence.com

NVD-tagged references (1)

Reference list NVD curates from the CNA record, vendor advisories, and third-party reports. The tag chips below are NVD's analyst-assigned categories.

https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/debounce-io-email-validator/vulnerability/wordpress-debounce-email-validator-5-7-local-file-inclusion-vulnerability?_s_id=cve audit@patchstack.com

Indicators (2)

IOCs linked to the auto-promoted Threat row.

Type	Value	VirusTotal	Attached
domain	`inclusion.this`	no local data	2026-05-18 21:19 UTC
cve	`CVE-2025-31098`	no local data	2026-06-06 13:48 UTC

Remediations (16)

Remediations are stored against the linked Threat row; the list below is deduplicated across both pages.

Wordfence remediation: DeBounce Email Validator

Wordfence

Update to version 5.71, or a newer patched version

2026-06-06 13:48 UTC
New BitUnlocker Attack Bypasses Windows 11 Disk Encryption in Just 5 ...

web:cyberpress.org

A newly published proof-of-concept tool called BitUnlocker exposes a dangerous downgrade attack that can bypass Microsoft's BitLocker full-disk encryption on fully patched Windows 11 machines, granting complete access to encrypted drives in under five minutes. The attack exploits CVE - 2025 -48804, a vulnerability in Windows BitLocker that allows an attacker to mix untrusted data with trusted ...

2026-05-22 13:12 UTC
Enterprise Patch & Remediation Benchmark 2026: How Do You Compare? | Qualys

web:blog.qualys.com

See how you compare against enterprise patch and remediation , including patch deployment trends, automation adoption, and average remediation timelines.

2026-05-22 13:12 UTC
Star Citizen Alpha 4.8 LIVE - Hotfix Central [Updated 5.21]

web:robertsspaceindustries.com

Hi Everyone! Time again for another Hotfix Central thread to keep you all up to date on things going on outside of the normal patch cycle in SC Alpha 4.8 LIVE! This will be a living document of...

2026-05-22 13:12 UTC
Google Translate

web:translate.google.com

Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.

2026-05-22 13:12 UTC
Vulnerability Remediation vs. Mitigation: What are the Differences ...

web:www.secure.com

Learn the difference between vulnerability remediation and mitigation , and how a risk-based strategy can strengthen your security posture.

2026-05-22 13:12 UTC
VirusTotal - Home

web:www.virustotal.com

Streamline your investigations with Google Threat Intelligence Agentic and the new Dark Web (DDW) module. Perform hunting and pivoting across forums using natural language or specific modifiers. Bridge threat actor identities and map global operations easy.

2026-05-22 03:23 UTC
Windows Server emergency patches fix WSUS bug with PoC exploit

web:www.bleepingcomputer.com

Microsoft has released out-of-band (OOB) security updates to patch a critical-severity Windows Server Update Service (WSUS) vulnerability with publicly available proof-of-concept exploit code.

2026-05-22 03:23 UTC
February's Patch Tuesday release fixes 59 flaws ... - Computerworld

web:www.computerworld.com

Each month, the team at Readiness analyzes the latest Patch Tuesday updates from Microsoft and provides detailed, actionable testing guidance. The company's Patch Tuesday release for February ...

2026-05-22 03:23 UTC
ArcGIS Server Security 2025 Update 2 Patch - Esri

web:www.esri.com

Key highlights The ArcGIS Server Security 2025 update 2 is available This patch resolves 10 Medium severity vulnerabilities This security patch is cumulative, and includes fixes provided in the ArcGIS Server Security 2025 update 1.

2026-05-22 03:23 UTC
Microsoft Patch Tuesday - October 2025 - Lansweeper

web:www.lansweeper.com

Which vulnerabilities, issues, and other things did Microsoft update? Discover what's new using Lansweeper's Patch Tuesday October 2025 summary.

2026-05-22 03:23 UTC
Oracle Critical Patch Update Advisory - October 2025

web:www.oracle.com

This Critical Patch Update contains 374 new security patches across the product families listed below. Please note that an MOS note summarizing the content of this Critical Patch Update and other Oracle Software Security Assurance activities is located at October 2025 Critical Patch Update: Executive Summary and Analysis.

2026-05-22 03:23 UTC
Patch Tuesday - October 2025 - Rapid7

web:www.rapid7.com

Microsoft has published 172 new vulnerabilities, including six zero-day vulnerabilities. Windows 10 moves past the end of support, sort of. Critical RCE in Windows Server Update Service.

2026-05-22 03:23 UTC
Microsoft Patch Tuesday, September 2025 Edition - Krebs on Security

web:krebsonsecurity.com

Microsoft Corp. today issued security updates to fix more than 80 vulnerabilities in its Windows operating systems and software. There are no known "zero-day" or actively exploited vulnerabilities ...

2026-05-22 03:23 UTC
Security Update Guide - Microsoft

web:portal.msrc.microsoft.com

The Security Update Guide provides information on the latest Microsoft security updates, helping users understand and address potential vulnerabilities effectively.

2026-05-22 03:23 UTC
Microsoft December 2025 Patch Tuesday - 56 Vulnerabilities Fixed ...

web:cybersecuritynews.com

Microsoft released its final Patch Tuesday updates of 2025 on December 9, addressing 56 security vulnerabilities across Windows, Office, Exchange Server, and other components.

2026-05-22 03:23 UTC

AI Forensic Analysis

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Raw JSON

The full cvelistV5 record. Download as CVE-2025-31098.json.

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