CVE-2025-65108

Description

md-to-pdf is a CLI tool for converting Markdown files to PDF using Node.js and headless Chrome. Prior to version 5.2.5, a Markdown front-matter block that contains JavaScript delimiter causes the JS engine in gray-matter library to execute arbitrary code in the Markdown to PDF converter process of md-to-pdf library, resulting in remote code execution. This issue has been patched in version 5.2.5.

Overview

State: PUBLISHED
Assigner (CNA): GitHub_M
CVSS severity: CRITICAL
CVSS score: 10.0 / 10
CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Effective score: 10.0 / 10 CRITICAL source: CNA overview
CWE(s): CWE-94
Reserved: 2025-11-17
Published: 2025-11-21 22:52 UTC
Last updated: 2025-11-24 18:17 UTC
Source: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/main/cves/2025/65xxx/CVE-2025-65108.json
Linked Threat: CVE-2025-65108 — md-to-pdf is vulnerable to arbitrary JavaScript code execution when parsing front matter

NVD triage scoring NVD CVE 2.0

Layer NVD adds on top of the CNA's CVE record — published / last-modified timestamps, exploitability / impact subscores, and the FIRST.org EPSS probability that this CVE will be exploited in the wild in the next 30 days.

NVD published: 2025-11-21 22:16:33 UTC
NVD last modified: 2026-04-15 00:35:42 UTC
NVD CVSS v3.1: 10.0 / 10 CRITICAL source: security-advisories@github.com
NVD CVSS vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
Exploitability subscore: 3.9 / 10
Impact subscore: 6.0 / 10
EPSS score: 0.0033 (probability of exploitation in next 30 days)
EPSS percentile: 56.29% vs all CVEs — higher = more likely to be exploited, as of 2026-05-25

European Union Vulnerability Database ENISA EUVD

ENISA's official EU repository for curated vulnerability intelligence. Carries a separate identifier (EUVD-YYYY-NNNN) and frequently exposes an earlier-published description + CVSS than NVD does.

EUVD ID: EUVD-2025-198317
Assigner: GitHub_M
Published: Nov 21, 2025, 9:52:02 PM
Updated: Nov 24, 2025, 5:17:08 PM
EUVD base score (CVSS 3.1): 10.0 / 10
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
EUVD-reported EPSS: 0.3300
Vendors: simonhaenisch
Products: md-to-pdf (< 5.2.5)
Aliases: GHSA-547r-qmjm-8hvw

ENISA description: md-to-pdf is a CLI tool for converting Markdown files to PDF using Node.js and headless Chrome. Prior to version 5.2.5, a Markdown front-matter block that contains JavaScript delimiter causes the JS engine in gray-matter library to execute arbitrary code in the Markdown to PDF converter process of md-to-pdf library, resulting in remote code execution. This issue has been patched in version 5.2.5.

EUVD references (2)

Affected products (1)

Vendor	Product	Versions	Platforms
simonhaenisch	md-to-pdf	`< 5.2.5` (affected)	—

Vendor references (2)

References embedded in the original CVE record by the assigning CNA.

https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf/security/advisories/GHSA-547r-qmjm-8hvw x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf/commit/46bdcf2051c8d1758b391c1353185a179a47a4d9 x_refsource_MISC

MITRE references (2) cveawg.mitre.org

Pulled from MITRE's CVE Services API by the 🛰 Backfill from MITRE button.

https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf/commit/46bdcf2051c8d1758b391c1353185a179a47a4d9 x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf/security/advisories/GHSA-547r-qmjm-8hvw x_refsource_CONFIRM

Web references (0)

DuckDuckGo results ranked by threat-intel / vendor advisory domains. Generated by the 🔎 Find references (web) button above — same flow as the Remediations search.

No web references attached yet.

NVD-tagged references (2)

Reference list NVD curates from the CNA record, vendor advisories, and third-party reports. The tag chips below are NVD's analyst-assigned categories.

https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf/commit/46bdcf2051c8d1758b391c1353185a179a47a4d9 security-advisories@github.com
https://github.com/simonhaenisch/md-to-pdf/security/advisories/GHSA-547r-qmjm-8hvw security-advisories@github.com

Indicators (1)

IOCs linked to the auto-promoted Threat row.

Type	Value	VirusTotal	Attached
domain	`node.js`	no local data	2026-05-18 21:18 UTC

Remediations (14)

Remediations are stored against the linked Threat row; the list below is deduplicated across both pages.

Microsoft Patch Tuesday - October 2025 - Lansweeper

web:www.lansweeper.com

The October 2025 edition of Patch Tuesday brings us 173 new fixes, with 9 rated as critical, 3 of which are actively exploited. We've listed the most important changes below. Windows Agere Modem Driver Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability CVE - 2025 -24990 is an elevation of privilege vulnerability that has been actively exploited.

2026-05-22 15:07 UTC
Microsoft Patch Tuesday October 2025 - SANS ISC

web:isc.sans.edu

I am experimenting today with a little bit of a cleaned-up patch overview. I removed vulnerabilities that affect Microsoft's cloud systems (but appreciate Microsoft listing them at all), as well as vulnerabilities in third-party software like open source libraries. This should leave us with Microsoft-specific on-premises vulnerabilities.

2026-05-22 15:07 UTC
CVE: Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures

web:www.cve.org

At cve .org, we provide the authoritative reference method for publicly known information-security vulnerabilities and exposures

2026-05-22 15:07 UTC
Landing Page | ServiceNow Common Vulnerabilities & Exposures (CVE ...

web:support.servicenow.com

Overview The advisories below document publicly disclosed Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures ( CVEs ) in the Now Platform by ServiceNow. Because ServiceNow uses various methods to communicate vulnerability information, patches, and other fixes, customers should review family, security patch , and hotfix release notes, which are available at https://docs.servicenow.com, for a complete list of ...

2026-05-22 15:07 UTC
Security Update Guide - Loading - Microsoft

web:portal.msrc.microsoft.com

The Security Update Guide provides information on the latest Microsoft security updates, helping users understand and address potential vulnerabilities effectively.

2026-05-22 03:40 UTC
Windows Server emergency patches fix WSUS bug with PoC exploit

web:www.bleepingcomputer.com

Microsoft has released out-of-band (OOB) security updates to patch a critical-severity Windows Server Update Service (WSUS) vulnerability with publicly available proof-of-concept exploit code.

2026-05-22 03:40 UTC
ArcGIS Server Security 2025 Update 2 Patch - Esri

web:www.esri.com

Key highlights The ArcGIS Server Security 2025 update 2 is available This patch resolves 10 Medium severity vulnerabilities This security patch is cumulative, and includes fixes provided in the ArcGIS Server Security 2025 update 1.

2026-05-22 03:40 UTC
Oracle Critical Patch Update Advisory - October 2025

web:www.oracle.com

This Critical Patch Update contains 374 new security patches across the product families listed below. Please note that an MOS note summarizing the content of this Critical Patch Update and other Oracle Software Security Assurance activities is located at October 2025 Critical Patch Update: Executive Summary and Analysis.

2026-05-22 03:40 UTC
Vulnerability Remediation vs. Mitigation: What are the Differences ...

web:www.secure.com

Learn the difference between vulnerability remediation and mitigation , and how a risk-based strategy can strengthen your security posture.

2026-05-22 03:40 UTC
Patch Management Best Practices for 2025 | RSI Security

web:blog.rsisecurity.com

The Vulnerability Management Lifecycle Patch management is a vital component of the broader vulnerability management lifecycle, which includes: Discovery: Identify all systems and assets. Assessment: Evaluate severity and exploitability. Prioritization: Align risk levels with business impact. Remediation : Apply patches or compensating controls. Verification: Confirm successful patch deployment ...

2026-05-22 03:40 UTC
Patch Tuesday 2025 Year In Review | Tenable®

web:www.tenable.com

Key takeaways: Microsoft's 2025 Patch Tuesday releases addressed 1,130 CVEs . This is the second year in a row where the CVE count was over 1,000. Elevation of Privilege vulnerabilities accounted for 38.3% of all Patch Tuesday vulnerabilities in 2025 , followed by Remote Code Execution flaws at 30.8%. 41 zero-day vulnerabilities were addressed across all Patch Tuesday releases in 2025 , including ...

2026-05-22 03:40 UTC
Microsoft September 2025 Patch Tuesday - 81 Vulnerabilities ... - GBHackers

web:gbhackers.com

Microsoft has released its September 2025 Patch Tuesday update, addressing a total of 81 security vulnerabilities across its product portfolio.

2026-05-22 03:40 UTC
Microsoft August 2025 Patch Tuesday - SANS ISC

web:isc.sans.edu

Users should prioritize patching these vulnerabilities to prevent unauthorized code execution. Additionally, the Windows Kerberos Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability ( CVE - 2025 -53779), a disclosed zero-day, requires high privileges to exploit but could lead to domain administrator access, necessitating careful monitoring and mitigation .

2026-05-22 03:40 UTC
Microsoft Patch Tuesday, September 2025 Edition - Krebs on Security

web:krebsonsecurity.com

Microsoft Corp. today issued security updates to fix more than 80 vulnerabilities in its Windows operating systems and software. There are no known "zero-day" or actively exploited vulnerabilities ...

2026-05-22 03:40 UTC

AI Forensic Analysis

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Raw JSON

The full cvelistV5 record. Download as CVE-2025-65108.json.

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